一、基本概念
1.定語(yǔ)：修飾、限定、說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的句子成分。
比如：a handsome boy, 那么我們這邊的handsome 就是用來(lái)修飾名詞boy的，所以handsome這個(gè)詞是定語(yǔ)
記憶：定語(yǔ)是修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。
也就是定語(yǔ)它只圍繞著名詞或代詞轉(zhuǎn)。
2.定語(yǔ)從句(relative clause)：修飾名詞或代詞的句子(用一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)定語(yǔ))。
比如：He is a boywho is handsome.
這邊的who is handsome 就是定語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)然這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有任何意義，如果出現(xiàn)寫作中，我們會(huì)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)湊數(shù)的定語(yǔ)從句，像這樣的簡(jiǎn)單表達(dá)我們直接用handsome形容詞做定語(yǔ)即可(可能學(xué)生在寫作中會(huì)寫出這樣完全沒(méi)有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句)。
I used to live in the housewhich was surrounded by flowers and birds. 像這樣的句子就一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子來(lái)表示，所以我們會(huì)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)恰當(dāng)好處的定語(yǔ)從句。
注意：到了系統(tǒng)的學(xué)了非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，這個(gè)句子也可以用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句表示
I used to live in the house surrounded by flowers and birds.
這里就是用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(過(guò)去分詞)做定語(yǔ)。
3.先行詞被修飾的詞
比如上文中的boy/house
注意：定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞一般是名詞/代詞(大家在記單詞的時(shí)候，最好也記下單詞的詞性)
4.關(guān)系詞(引導(dǎo)詞)
引出定語(yǔ)從句的詞
如：上文中的who/which
那么定語(yǔ)從句中，最重要的就是掌握關(guān)系詞的用法
二、關(guān)系詞
1.關(guān)系代詞(代表先行詞，在從句中作一定的成分)
在把握具體關(guān)系代詞用法時(shí)，首先了解定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
I used to live in thehousewhich was surrounded by flowers and birds.
I used to live in thehousewhich my grandfather had lived in.
這兩個(gè)句子中的先行詞都是house，但是他們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞质遣灰粯拥摹?/p>
第一個(gè)句子Which was surrounded by flowers and birds. 這里的which其實(shí)就是指代前文中的house，在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中The house was surrounded by flowers and birds. house 作主語(yǔ)。(一般來(lái)說(shuō)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前-句首，都是主語(yǔ)，除去倒裝句)
第二個(gè)句子，我們?cè)谶�原在，即 將The house my father had lived in. 修改成 My father had lived inthe house.
顯然，我們這里的house是作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)(如果對(duì)于賓語(yǔ)不熟悉，可以去看下賓語(yǔ)從句這篇文章)。
通常如果先行詞作賓語(yǔ)的話，我們的關(guān)系詞可以省略，即：
I used to live in the house my father had lived in.
所以，把握主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，就能完美區(qū)分那些省略掉關(guān)系詞的定語(yǔ)從句。
1.1 who
一般而言，關(guān)系代詞為who時(shí)，先行詞是人，可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
I really admire those people who have acchievd great success.
I can't help those people who I hate. (賓語(yǔ))
1.2 whom 作賓語(yǔ)
I can't help those people whom I hate.
1.3 that 先行詞既可以是人，也可以是物，可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
I really admire those people who have acchievd great success.
I can't help those people who I hate.
補(bǔ)充：He is the heroof whomwe are proud.
像這種如果有介詞的話，我們只能用whom，初中考察的比較少，了解即可
1.4 which 指代物 可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
I used to live in the house which was surrounded by flowers and birds
1.5 whose 指代人/物，作定語(yǔ)
I used live in the house whose wall was painted into green.
He is the hero whose father is our English teacher.
補(bǔ)充：
由于that和which，均可以修飾物，有些情況只用that，不用which(了解即可)
1.先行詞由all, much, little, few, something 等不定代詞修飾或先行詞本身是不定代詞
There isnothingthat we can do.
2.先行詞有the only, the same, the very等修飾時(shí)
This isthe onlymusic that I love.
3.先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)
This isthe bestfilm that I have ever seen.
4.先行詞既指人又指物
We talked aboutthe person and thingsthat we remembered.
如果考察的話，前面三種比較多(初中階段，平時(shí)模擬題會(huì)出現(xiàn))
2.關(guān)系副詞 作狀語(yǔ)
關(guān)系副詞一般在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)從句不缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
2.1 when 先行詞表示時(shí)間
I will never forget the day when we stayed together.
比較：
I will never forget the day that/which we spent together.
問(wèn)題：先行詞同樣是 the day，為什么一個(gè)用when，一個(gè)用that/which?
2.2 where 先行詞表地點(diǎn)
I will never forget the village where we stayed together.
比較：
I will never forget the village that/which is in the east of China.
問(wèn)題：先行詞同樣是 the village，為什么一個(gè)用where，一個(gè)用that/which?
2.3 why 先行詞一般為the reason
Can you explain the reason why you are late again?
難點(diǎn)：關(guān)系副詞和介詞+which替換
在上述句子中我們可以用相應(yīng)的介詞+which和關(guān)系副詞替換
一般而言why=for which
when=in/on...+which
where=in/on...+which
具體介詞選擇則取決于先行詞
I will never forget the village where(in which)we stayed together.
補(bǔ)充：
對(duì)于初中學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句難點(diǎn)在于關(guān)系副詞這塊，因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生區(qū)分不了到底是不是作狀語(yǔ)。一般而言，實(shí)際考察多半考察的都是關(guān)系代詞，所以關(guān)系代詞的用法一定搞清楚，如果實(shí)在不知道填什么，那就填that，填that的正確率要高些
歡迎使用手機(jī)、平板等移動(dòng)設(shè)備訪問(wèn)中考網(wǎng)，2024中考一路陪伴同行！>>點(diǎn)擊查看
