被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)
A.熟記結(jié)構(gòu)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(p.p)”。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同時(shí)態(tài)是通過(guò)be的時(shí)態(tài)變化來(lái)表示的，其人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)保持一致。其具體變化為：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+p.p.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were+p.p.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall /will be +p.p.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have /has been +p.p.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are+being+p.p.
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should /would be +p.p.
含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+p.p.例如：
① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people.
A.speak
B.is speaking
C.speaks
D.is spoken
(② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.
A.were told
B.is telling
C.was told
D.tells
③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.
A.must
B.must be
C.has
D.have
B.明確用法
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用于以下兩種情況：
1.不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;
2.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。例如：
這棵樹(shù)是那個(gè)男孩弄斷的。
The tree ______ ______ by that boy.
C.熟練轉(zhuǎn)換
1.將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本方法為：
①將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ);
②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)?ldquo;be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”，并通過(guò)be的變化來(lái)表達(dá)出不同的時(shí)態(tài);
③主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ)，組成介詞短語(yǔ)放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。(有時(shí)by短語(yǔ)可以省略)。
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句是將一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前;否定句是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后加not;特殊疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋阂蓡?wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。例如：
① You must throw the broken pottery away at once.
The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once.(同義句)
(② Where did they grow vegetables?(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Where ______ vegetables ______ ?
D.注意特例
將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意幾個(gè)特殊情況：
1.含雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，有兩種方法：
①將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)保持不變;
②將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)用介詞to或for引導(dǎo)。例如：
① He told us a story.(變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
→We were told a story(by him).或：A story was told to us by him.
② Her mother gave her a new pen.(變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother.
2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視為一個(gè)整體，其后的介詞或副詞不能省去。例如：
① This dictionary mustn t ______ from the library.
A.take away
B.taken away
C.are taken away
D.be taken away
② She will take good care of the children.(變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (by her).
(3.含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，通常將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。注意：省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to必須補(bǔ)上。例如：
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.(變被動(dòng)
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
(4.不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為“to be +過(guò)去分詞”。例如：
The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city.
A.be building
B.build
C.be built
D.built
5.以疑問(wèn)代詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí)要注意詞序：應(yīng)將主動(dòng)句中的疑問(wèn)代詞改為介詞by的賓語(yǔ)，但仍然放在句子開(kāi)頭。例如：
Who has broken the cup?(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
→By whom has the cup been broken?
E.注意區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
1)含義不同：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作由誰(shuí)完成、怎樣完成;而過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)描寫(xiě)情景，敘述人或事物的特征及所處的狀態(tài)。試比較：
The window is broken.窗子破了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)用法不同：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以被 so，very，too等程度副詞修飾，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則不能用so，very，too修飾，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修飾。試比較：
He was very interested in science.他對(duì)科學(xué)有極大興趣。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn t know what to do.我被那種場(chǎng)面搞得大吃一驚，不知所措。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
F.牢記(相關(guān))句型
初中教材中與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)相關(guān)的句型有：
1.be covered with被……覆蓋
2.be made of由……制作(發(fā)生物理變化)
be made from由……制作(發(fā)生化學(xué)變化)
be made in由(某地)制造
be made by被(某人)制造
3.be used for被用來(lái)……
be used as被當(dāng)作(作為)……來(lái)使用
be used to do sth.被用來(lái)做某事
4.It is said that...據(jù)說(shuō)……
It is hoped that...希望……
It is well known that...眾所周知……例如：
①—Your coat looks nice.Is it ______ cotton?
—Yes.It s ———— Shanghai.
A.made of;made by
B.made of;made in
C.made for;made by
D.made for;made in
② This machine is used ______ the room wet.
A.for keeping
B.as keeping
C.keep
D.to keeping
③ 據(jù)說(shuō)在南京長(zhǎng)江上又在建一座橋。
______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.
七、幾種特殊的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1.帶不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The child is sure to be punished for that. 那個(gè)孩子肯定會(huì)因?yàn)槟羌率芰P的。
2. 帶介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Such a thing has never been heard of. 這件事前所未聞。
3. 帶副詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The radio has just been turned off. 收音機(jī)剛剛被關(guān)上。
4. 當(dāng)sell, wash, clean, run, ride, wear, write等動(dòng)詞若有狀語(yǔ)well, easily, badly來(lái)修飾時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。
The pen writes well. 這枝鋼筆寫(xiě)字流暢。
The book sells well. 這本書(shū)很暢銷。
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